Final Report on Foreign Interference in Canadian Democracy Released
By Cameron A. Axford and Martin U. Wissmath Jan 2025 Charity & NFP Law Update
Published on January 30, 2025
On January 28, 2025, the Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions released its Final Report after a 15-month investigation. The Final Report provides an in-depth examination of foreign interference in Canada’s democracy and offers 51 recommendations for improvement. The Commission, led by Commissioner Marie-Josée Hogue, conducted its work in two distinct phases. The first phase focused on foreign interference by state and non-state actors during the 2019 and 2021 federal elections and its implications for electoral integrity. Findings from this phase were initially released in May 2024. The second phase assessed the Government’s ability to detect, deter, and counter foreign interference aimed at Canada’s democratic processes. Over the course of its investigation, the Commission held 39 days of public hearings and 18 in camera sessions. It heard from more than 100 witnesses, including political party representatives, Members of Parliament, senior public servants, Cabinet Ministers, and the Prime Minister, some of whom appeared multiple times. Additionally, 60 experts and diaspora community members contributed through panels and policy roundtables. The Commission’s work also involved an extensive review of tens of thousands of documents, most of which were classified. In a news release announcing the Final Report, Commissioner Hogue emphasized the thoroughness of the inquiry, noting its role in fostering public understanding of foreign interference and evaluating Government responses. The report highlights the increasing frequency and evolving methods of interference, stating that Canada’s democratic institutions have proven resilient to interference, but vigilance remains essential. The Commission observed that the Canadian Government has implemented measures to address interference but identified areas for improvement. Key issues included delays in responding to threats, insufficient coordination across agencies, flawed communication processes with decision-makers, and a lack of transparency with the public regarding the extent of interference. Among the 51 recommendations, several do not require legislative changes and could be implemented before the next federal election. The Final Report underscores the need for greater transparency, faster Government action, and improved coordination to counter foreign interference effectively. The Commission also recommends that the Government provide Parliament with a progress update on implementing its recommendations within a year. Commissioner Hogue cautioned against complacency regarding foreign interference. She stressed that foreign interference cannot be eradicated entirely and that technological advancements continue to empower malicious actors. “Democracies around the world are under attack from all sides,” said Hogue, “All of us who live in Canada must confront these challenges, together.” |